Global Herbals & Nutraceuticals Products
全球草本和營養品項
Index / Table of Content
Summary By Fucntion
Herbal Extracts |
Acai Berry Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Açaí_palm
The açaí palm (, Portuguese: [asaˈi] ( listen), from Nheengatu asai), Euterpe oleracea, is
a species of palm tree (Arecaceae)
cultivated for its fruit (açaí
berries, or simply açaí), hearts of palm (a
vegetable), leaves, and trunk wood.
The oil is suitable for cooking or as a salad dressing, but is mainly used in cosmetics as shampoos, soaps or skin moisturizers.
The oil compartments in açaí fruit contain polyphenols such as procyanidin oligomers and vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic
acid, and ferulic acid, which were shown to degrade substantially during storage or exposure to heat. Although these compounds are under study for potential health effects, there remains no substantial evidence that açaí polyphenols have any effect in humans. Açaí oil is green in color, has a bland aroma, and is high in oleic and palmitic fatty
acids.
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Allium Sativum (Garlic) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot,
leek, chive, and Chinese onion. It is native to Central Asia and northeastern Iran and has long been a common seasoning worldwide, with a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use.A 2016 meta-analysis of case-control and cohort
studies found a moderate
inverse association between garlic intake and some cancers of the upper digestive tract.Another
meta-analysis found decreased rates of stomach cancer associated
with garlic intake, but cited confounding factors as limitations for interpreting these studies. Further
meta-analyses found similar results on the incidence of stomach cancer by consuming allium vegetables
including garlic. A 2014
meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies
found that garlic consumption was associated with a lower risk of stomach cancer in Korean people. |
Aloe Vera Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera
Aloe vera ( or )
is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe. An evergreen perennial,
it originates from the Arabian Peninsula, but grows wild in tropical, semi-tropical, and arid climates around the world. It is cultivated for agricultural and medicinal uses.The species is also used for decorative purposes and grows successfully indoors as a potted plant.
It is found in many consumer products including beverages, skin lotion, cosmetics, ointments or in the form of gel for minor burns and sunburns. There is little clinical evidence for the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extract as a cosmetic or medicine.
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Amla (Emblica Officinalis) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_emblica
Phyllanthus emblica, also known as emblic, emblic myrobalan, myrobalan,[Indian gooseberry, Malacca tree, or amla from Sanskrit amalaki is a deciduous tree of the family
Phyllanthaceae. It has edible fruit, referred to by the same name. These fruits are reputed to contain high amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and have bitter taste that may derive from a high density of ellagitannins, such as emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), punigluconin (12%), and pedunculagin (14%). Amla also contains
punicafolin and phyllanemblinin A, phyllanemblin other polyphenols, such as flavonoids, kaempferol, ellagic acid, and gallic acid |
Andrographis Paniculata https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata
Andrographis paniculata, commonly known as creat or green chiretta,[2] is an annual herbaceous plant in the family Acanthaceae, native to India and
Sri Lanka. Other common names for the plant include King of Bitter and hempedu bumi (Malay)It is widely cultivated in Southern and Southeastern Asia, where it has been traditionally been believed to be a treatment for bacterial infections and some diseases. Mostly the leaves and roots were used for such purposes. The whole plant is also used in some cases.A 2020 study found that Andrographis permitted chemosensitization of chemosensitive colorectal cancer cells. Two major pathways were altered by the Andrographis. One is the ferroptosis pathway,
the other is the β-catenin/Wnt-signaling pathway.
Andrographolide is the major constituent extracted from the leaves of the plant and is a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone. This bitter principle was isolated in pure form by Gorter (1911). Systematic studies on chemistry of A. paniculata have been carried out.
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Apple Cider https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider
It is the liquid extracted from an apple and
all its components, that is then boiled to concentration. The liquid can be extracted from the apple itself, the apple core, the trimmings from apples, or apple culls. It is typically opaque due to fine apple particles in suspension and generally tangier than commercial filtered apple
juice, but this depends on the variety of apples used. Cider is typically pasteurized to
kill bacteria and extend its shelf life,
but untreated cider is common. In either form, apple cider is seasonally produced in autumn.
Many commercially produced ciders are pasteurized which extends their shelf life; the most common method used is pasteurization, but UV irradiation is also employed.
Pasteurization, which partially cooks the juice, results in some change of the sweetness, body and flavor of the cider; irradiation has less noticeable effects.
Impetus for Federal level regulation began with outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 from unpasteurized apple cider and other illnesses caused by contaminated fruit juices in the late 1990s.
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Ashwagandha https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withania_somnifera
Withania somnifera, known commonly as ashwagandha, Indian
ginseng, poison
gooseberry, or winter
cherry, is
a plant in the Solanaceae or
nightshade family. Several other species in the genus Withania are
morphologically similar. Although
thought to be useful as a medicinal herb in Ayurveda,
trials supporting its clinical use are limited. However, many in vitro and animal experiments suggest effects on the immune, endocrine, and CNS systems, as well as in the pathogenesis of cancer and inflammatory conditions.The main phytochemical constituents are withanolides –
which are triterpene lactones –
withanolides, withaferin A, alkaloids, steroidal lactones, tropine,
and cuscohygrine. Some 40 withanolides, 12 alkaloids, and numerous sitoindosides have been isolated. Withanolides are structurally similar to the ginsenosides of Panax
ginseng, leag to a common name for W. somnifera, "Indian ginseng". |
Asparagus Racemosus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus_racemosus
Asparagus racemosus (satavar, shatavari,
or shatamull, shatawari)
is a species of asparagus common throughout India and
the Himalayas.
Asparagamine A, a polycyclic alkaloid was isolated from the dried roots and subsequently synthesized to allow for the construction of analogs.
Steroidal saponins, shatavaroside A, shatavaroside B, filiasparoside
C, shatavarins, immunoside, and schidigerasaponin D5 (or asparanin A) were isolated from the roots of Asparagus racemosus.
Also known is the isoflavone 8-methoxy-5,6,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.
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Azadirachta Indica https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadirachta_indica
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, nimtree or Indian
lilac, is
a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae.
It is one of two species in the genus Azadirachta, and is native to the Indian
subcontinent.
Ayurveda was the first to bring the anthelmintic, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral constituents
of the neem tree to the attention of natural products chemists. The process of extracting neem oil involves extracting the water-insoluble components with ether, petrol ether, ethyl
acetate, and dilute alcohol. The provisional naming was nimbin (sulphur-free crystalline product with melting point at 205 °C, empirical composition
C7H10O2), nimbinin (with similar principle, melting at 192 °C), and nimbidin (cream-coloured containing amorphous sulphur, melting at 90–100 °C). Siddiqui identified nimbidin as the main active antibacterial ingredient, and the highest yielding bitter component in the neem oil. These
compounds are stable and found in substantial quantities in the neem. They also serve as natural insecticides.
Neem-coated urea is being used an alternate to plain urea fertilizer in India. It reduces pollution, improves fertilizer's efficacy and soil health.
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Bacopa Monnieri https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacopa_monnieri
Bacopa monnieri is
a perennial, creeping herb native
to the wetlands of southern and Eastern India, Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia, and North and South America.It is known by the common names water hyssop,waterhyssop, brahmi,thyme-leafed
gratiola, herb
of grace,and Indian pennywort.The
best characterized phytochemicals in Bacopa monnieri are dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins known
as bacosides, with jujubogenin or pseudo-jujubogenin moieties as aglycone units. Bacosides
comprise a family of 12 known analogs. Other saponins called bacopasides I–XII
were identified. The alkaloids brahmine, nicotine,
and herpestine have been catalogued, along with D-mannitol, apigenin,
hersaponin, monnierasides I–III, cucurbitacin and plantainoside B. |
Boswellia Serrata https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswellia_serrata
Boswellia serrata is
a plant that produces Indian frankincense.
It is also known as Indian oli-banum, Salai guggul, and Sallaki in Sanskrit.
Boswellia serrata contains various derivatives of boswellic acid including β-boswellic acid, acetyl-β-boswellic acid, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid.
Extracts of Boswellia serrata have been clinically studied for osteoarthritis and joint function, with the research showing trends of benefit (slight improvement) in pain and function. It has been used in Indian traditional medicine for diabetes.
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Calcium Sennoside 10% To 60% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_glycoside
Senna glycoside, also known as sennoside or senna,
is a medication used to treat constipation and
empty the large intestine before
surgery. The
medication is taken by mouth or via the rectum. It
typically begins working in minutes when given by rectum and within twelve hours when given by mouth. It
is a weaker laxative than bisacodyl or castor
oil. |
Cranberry Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry
Cranberries are
a group of evergreen dwarf
shrubs or trailing vines in
the subgenus Oxycoccus of
the genus Vaccinium. In
2017, the United States, Canada, and Chile accounted for 98% of the world production of cranberries. Most cranberries are processed into products such as juice, sauce, jam, and sweetened dried
cranberries, with the remainder sold fresh to consumers. |
Caralluma Fimbriata Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caralluma_adscendens
Caralluma adscendens is
a succulent plant in
the family Apocynaceae. Its distribution ranges from India and Sri
Lanka through the Arabian peninsula
to North Africa and
the Sahel.The key phytochemical
constituents of the herb are pregnane glycosides, flavone glycosides, megastigmane glycosides,
and saponins. The key phytochemical constituents of the herb are pregnane glycosides, flavone glycosides, megastigmane glycosides,
and saponins. |
Cinnamon Bark Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon
Cinnamon is
a spice obtained
from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus Cinnamomum. Cinnamon is used mainly as an aromatic condiment and
flavouring additive in a wide variety of cuisines, sweet and savoury dishes, breakfast
cereals, snackfoods, tea and traditional
foods. The aroma and flavour of cinnamon derive from its essential oil and
principal component, cinnamaldehyde, as well as numerous other constituents including eugenol.Reviews
of clinical trials reported lowering of fasting plasma glucose and
inconsistent effects on hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c, an indicator of chronically elevated plasma glucose). Four of the reviews reported a decrease in fasting plasma glucose, only two reported lower HbA1c, and one reported no change to either measure. |
Coleus Forskohlii https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleus_barbatus
Coleus barbatus, also known by the synonyms Plectranthus
barbatus and
incorrectly Coleus forskalaei (and
other spellings of this epithet), is a tropical perennial plant related to the typical coleus species.
It produces forskolin, an extract useful
for pharmaceutical preparations
and research in cell biology.
Herbal teas made from Coleus barbatus contain rosmarinic acid and also flavonoid glucuronides and diterpenoids The
chemical constituents of Plectranthus barbatus showed activities in vitro, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
Forskolin, which derives its name from the incorrect binomial name Coleus forskohlii, is a constituent of Plectranthus barbatus.
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Commiphora Mukul https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commiphora_wightii
Commiphora wightii, with common
names Indian bdellium-tree, gugal] guggul, gugul, or Mukul
myrrh tree, is a flowering plant in
the family Burseraceae, which produces a fragrant resin called gugal, guggul or gugul, that is used in incense and
vedic medicine (or ayurveda).Over a
hundred metabolites of
various chemical compositions were reported from the leaves, stem, latex, root and fruit samples. High concentrations of quinic acid and myo-inositol were
found in fruits and leaves. |
Curcumin 95% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin
Curcumin is
a bright yellow chemical produced by Curcuma longa plants.
It is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric (Curcuma
longa), a member of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae.
It is sold as an herbal supplement, cosmetics ingredient,
food flavoring, and food coloring.
Curcumin incorporates several functional groups whose structure was first identified in 1910. The aromatic ring systems, which are phenols, are connected by two α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups. The diketones form stable enols and are readily deprotonated to form enolates; the
α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group is a good Michael acceptor and undergoes nucleophilic addition.
Curcumin is used as a complexometric indicator for boron. It reacts with boric acid to form a red-colored compound, rosocyanine.
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Epimedium-Horny Goat Weed (Leaf) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimedium
Epimedium, also known as barrenwort, bishop's hat, fairy wings, horny goat weed, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Berberidaceae.
The majority of the species are endemic to China, with smaller numbers elsewhere in Asia, and a few in the Mediterranean region.
Epimedium species are deciduous or evergreen hardy perennials. The majority have four-parted "spider-like" flowers in spring.
The species used as a dietary supplement is Epimedium grandiflorum. It contains icariin, which is a weak PDE5 inhibitor in vitro. Its clinical effects are unknown.
Epimedium wushanense contains
a number of flavanoids. 37 compounds were characterized from the underground and aerial parts of the plant. Among them, 28 compounds were prenylflavonoids.
The predominant flavonoid, epimedin C,
ranged from 1.4 to 5.1% in aerial parts and 1.0 to 2.8% in underground parts.
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Fenugreek Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenugreek
Fenugreek (; Trigonella
foenum-graecum) is an annual plant in the family Fabaceae, with leaves consisting of three small obovate
to oblong leaflets. It is
cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its seeds and leaves are common ingredients in dishes from the Indian subcontinent. Also used in traditional
medicine, fenugreek can increase the risk for serious medical side effects,
though its culinary use (in smaller quantities) is usually believed to be safe. Fenugreek
is not approved or recommended for clinical use by any governmental health agency. |
Garcinia Cambogia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta
Garcinia gummi-gutta is
a tropical species of Garcinia native
to Indonesia. Although
few high-quality studies have been done to define the composition of the fruit, its phytochemical content includes hydroxycitric
acid which is extractable and developed as a dietary
supplement. Other compounds identified in the fruit include the polyphenols, luteolin,
and kaempferol. |
Ginger Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger
inger (Zingiber
officinale) is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger
root or ginger, is widely
used as a spice and
a folk medicine.
The characteristic fragrance and flavor of ginger result from volatile oils that compose 1-3% of the weight of fresh ginger, primarily consisting of zingerone, shogaols, and gingerols with
[6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) as the major pungent compound.[Zingerone is produced from gingerols during drying, having lower pungency and a spicy-sweet aroma. Shogaols are more pungent and have higher antioxidant activity but not found in raw ginger, but is formed from gingerols during heating, storage or via acidity.
Fresh ginger also contains an enzyme zingibain which is a cysteine protease and has similar properties to rennet.
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Ginkgo Biloba 24, 24/6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba
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Ginseng Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng
Ginseng ()
is the root of plants in the genus Panax, such as Korean
ginseng (P.
ginseng), South China ginseng (P.
notoginseng), and American ginseng (P.
quinquefolius), typically characterized by the presence of ginsenosides and gintonin.Ginseng
may be included in energy drinks or herbal
teas in small amounts or sold as a dietary supplement. |
Glycyrrhiza (Licorice Extract) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquorice
Liquorice (British
English) or licorice (American
English) ( LIK-ər-is(h)) is
the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra, a flowering plant of
the bean family Fabaceae, from the
root of which a sweet, aromatic flavouring can be extracted.
Liquorice is used as a flavouring in candies and tobacco, particularly in some European and West Asian countries.
Liquorice extracts have been used in herbalism and traditional medicine.
The scent of liquorice root comes from a complex and variable combination of compounds, of which anethole is up to 3% of total volatiles. Much of the sweetness in liquorice comes from glycyrrhizin, which has a sweet taste, 30–50 times the sweetness of sugar. The sweetness is very different from sugar, being less instant, tart, and lasting longer.
The isoflavene glabrene and the isoflavane glabridin, found in the roots of liquorice, are phytoestrogens.
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Grape Seed Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape#Seed_constituents
A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus Vitis.
Grapes can be eaten fresh as table grapes or they can be used for making wine, jam, grape juice, jelly, grape
seed extract, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil. Grapes are a non-climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters.
Winemaking from red and white grape flesh and skins produces substantial quantities of organic residues, collectively called pomace (also
"marc"), which includes crushed skins, seeds, stems, and leaves generally used as compost. Grape
pomace – some 10-30% of the total mass of grapes crushed – contains various phytochemicals, such as unfermented sugars, alcohol, polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanins,
and numerous other compounds, some of which are harvested and extracted for
commercial applications (a process sometimes called "valorization" of the pomace). |
Griffonia (5 Htp) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP),
also known as oxitriptan, is a naturally occurring amino
acid and chemical precursor as
well as a metabolic intermediate in
the biosynthesis of
the neurotransmitter serotonin.
Though 5-HTP is found in food only in insignificant quantities, it is a chemical involved intermediately in the metabolism of tryptophan, an amino acid found in all unfractionated foods, with lower total amino acid content correlating with increased tryptophan absorption.
The seeds of the Griffonia simplicifolia, a climbing shrub native to West Africa and Central Africa, are used as an herbal supplement for their 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) content
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Green Coffee Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_coffee_extract
Green coffee extract is
an extract of unroasted, green coffee beans. It is used in the Swiss
Water Process for
decaffeinating coffee. It has also been used as a weight-loss supplement and as an ingredient in other weight-loss products but its efficacy and mechanism of action have been controversial.Nonvolatile and volatile compounds in green coffee beans, such as caffeine, deter many
insects and animals from eating them. Further, both nonvolatile and volatile compounds contribute to the flavor of the coffee bean when it is roasted. Nonvolatile nitrogenous compounds
(including alkaloids, trigonelline,
proteins, and free amino acids) and carbohydrates are
of major importance in producing the full aroma of roasted coffee and for its biological action. Since the mid 2000s, green coffee extract has been sold as a nutritional supplement and has been clinically studied for its chlorogenic
acid content and for its lipolytic and weight-loss properties. |
Green Tea Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_tea#Extracts
Polyphenols found
in green tea include epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin
gallate, epicatechins and flavanols, which
are under laboratory research for their potential effects in vivo. Other
components include three kinds of flavonoids, known as kaempferol, quercetin,
and myricetin. Although
the mean content of flavonoids and catechins in
a cup of green tea is higher than that in the same volume of other food and drink items that are traditionally considered to promote health, flavonoids
and catechins have no proven biological effect in humans. |
Guggul https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commiphora_wightii
Commiphora wightii, with common
names Indian bdellium-tree, gugal, guggul, gugul, or Mukul
myrrh tree, is a flowering plant in
the family Burseraceae, which produces a fragrant resin called gugal, guggul or gugul, that is used in incense and
vedic medicine (or ayurveda). Over
a hundred metabolites of various chemical compositions were reported from the leaves, stem, latex, root and fruit samples. High concentrations of quinic
acid and myo-inositol were found in fruits and leaves. |
Gymnema Sylvestre https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnema_sylvestre
Gymnema sylvestre is a perennial woody vine native to tropical Asia, China, the Arabian Peninsula, Africa, and Australia. It has been used in Ayurvedic medicine. Common names include gymnema, Australian cowplant, and Periploca of the woods, and the Hindi term gurmar, which means "sugar destroyer".
The leaves and extracts contain gymnemic acids, the major bioactive constituents that interact with taste receptors on the tongue to temporarily suppress the taste of sweetness.
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Holi Basil Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum
Ocimum tenuiflorum (synonym Ocimum
sanctum), commonly known as holy basil or tulsi,
is an aromatic perennial plant
in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Indian
subcontinent and widespread
as a cultivated plant throughout the Southeast Asian tropics.
Some of the phytochemical constituents of tulsi are oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, eugenol, carvacrol, linalool,
and β-caryophyllene (about 8%). Tulsi essential oil consists mostly of eugenol (~70%) β-elemene (~11.0%), β-caryophyllene (~8%), and germacrene (~2%),
with the balance being made up of various trace compounds, mostly terpenes.
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Ivy Leaf Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glechoma_hederacea
Glechoma hederacea (syn. Nepeta glechoma Benth., Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevir.) is an aromatic, perennial, evergreen creeper
of the mint family Lamiaceae. It is commonly known as ground-ivy, gill-over-the-ground, creeping charlie, alehoof, tunhoof, catsfoot, field balm, and run-away-robin. It is also sometimes known as creeping jenny, but that name more commonly refers to Lysimachia
nummularia. It is used as a salad green in many countries. European settlers carried it around the world, and it has become a well-established introduced and naturalized plant in a wide variety of localities.
It is considered an aggressive invasive weed of woodlands and lawns in some parts of North America. In the absence of any biological control research conducted by the USDA herbicides are relied upon, despite their drawbacks, particularly for woodland ecosystems. The plant's extensive root system makes it difficult to eradicate by hand-pulling.
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Korean Ginseng https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panax_ginseng
Panax ginseng, the ginseng, also
known as Asian ginseng, Chinese
ginseng, or Korean
ginseng, is
a species of plant whose root is the original source of ginseng. It is a perennial plant that grows in the mountains of East
Asia. |
Liquorice Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquorice
Liquorice (British
English) or licorice (American
English) ( LIK-ər-is(h)) is
the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra, a flowering plant of
the bean family Fabaceae, from the
root of which a sweet, aromatic flavouring can be extracted.
Liquorice is used as a flavouring in candies and tobacco, particularly in some European and West Asian countries.
Liquorice extracts have been used in herbalism and traditional medicine.
The scent of liquorice root comes from a complex and variable combination of compounds, of which anethole is up to 3% of total volatiles. Much of the sweetness in liquorice comes from glycyrrhizin, which has a sweet taste, 30–50 times the sweetness of sugar. The sweetness is very different from sugar, being less instant, tart, and lasting longer.
The isoflavene glabrene and the isoflavane glabridin, found in the roots of liquorice, are phytoestrogens.
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Menthol https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol
Menthol is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from the oils of corn mint, peppermint, or other mints.
It is a waxy, crystalline substance, clear or white in color, which is solid at room temperature and melts slightly above.
The main form of menthol occurring in nature is (−)-menthol, which is assigned the (1R,2S,5R) configuration. Menthol has local anesthetic and counterirritant qualities, and it is widely used to relieve minor throat
irritation. Menthol also acts as a weak kappa opioid receptor agonist.
In 2017, it was the 193rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than two million prescriptions.
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Methoxsalen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxsalen
Methoxsalen (also
called xanthotoxin), sold under the brand name Oxsoralen among
others, is a drug used
to treat psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo,
and some cutaneous lymphomas in
conjunction with exposing the skin to UVA light from lamps or sunlight. Methoxsalen modifies the way skin cells receive the UVA radiation,
allegedly clearing up the disease. In 1970, Nielsen extracted 8-methoxypsoralen from four species of the genus Heracleum in
the carrot family Apiaceae, including Heracleum
mantegazzianum and Heracleum
sphondylium. An additional 32 species of the genus Heracleum were
found to contain 5-methoxypsoralen (bergapten) or other furanocoumarins. |
Moringa Oleifera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera
Moringa oleifera is
a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree of the family Moringaceae, native to the Indian
subcontinent.It is widely cultivated for its young seed
pods and leaves used as vegetables and
for traditional herbal
medicine. It is also used for water purification. |
Mucuna Pruriens https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucuna_pruriens
Mucuna pruriens is
a tropical legume native
to Africa and tropical Asia and widely naturalized and cultivated. Its
English common names include monkey
tamarind, velvet
bean, Bengal
velvet bean, Florida
velvet bean, Mauritius
velvet bean, Yokohama
velvet bean, cowage, cowitch, lacuna
bean, and Lyon bean. The
plant is notorious for the extreme itchiness it produces on contact, particularly
with the young foliage and the seed pods. It has agricultural and horticultural value and is used in herbalism. |
Nigella Sativa Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigella_sativa
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies Nigella
sativa L. (black cumin,
black caraway) as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)
for use as a spice, natural seasoning, or flavoring.Oils are 32% to 40% of the total composition of N. sativa seeds. N.
sativa oil contains linoleic acid, oleic
acid, palmitic acid, and trans-anethole,
and other minor constituents, such as nigellicine, nigellidine, nigellimine, and nigellimine N-oxide. Aromatics include thymoquinone,
dihydrothymoquinone, p-cymene, carvacrol, α-thujene, thymol, α-pinene, β-pinene and trans-anethole. Protein and
various alkaloids are present in the seeds. |
Omega 3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid
Omega−3 fatty acids, also called Omega-3
oils, ω−3
fatty acids or n−3
fatty acids, are polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFAs)
characterized by the presence of a double bond three atoms away from the terminal methyl group in their chemical structure. They are widely distributed in nature, being important constituents of animal lipid metabolism,
and they play an important role in the human diet and in human physiology. The
three types of omega−3 fatty acids involved in human physiology are α-linolenic acid (ALA), found in plant oils, and eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA), both commonly
found in marine oils. |
Papaya Leaf Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya
The papaya (, )
(from Carib via
Spanish), papaw, ()
or pawpaw ( is
the plant Carica
papaya, one of the 22 accepted species in the genus Carica of
the family Caricaceae.
Papaya skin, pulp, and seeds contain a variety of phytochemicals, including carotenoids and polyphenols,as well as benzyl isothiocyanates and benzyl glucosinates, with skin and pulp levels that increase during ripening. Papaya seeds also contain the cyanogenic substance prunasin.
In traditional medicine, papaya leaves have been used as a treatment for malaria, an abortifacient,
a purgative, or smoked to relieve asthma.
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Psyllium Husk https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllium
Psyllium ,
or ispaghula (isabgol) ,
is the common name used for several members of the plant genus Plantago whose
seeds are used commercially for the production of mucilage.
Psyllium is mainly used as a dietary fiber to relieve symptoms of both constipation and
mild diarrhea,
and occasionally as a food thickener. It
is commonly used as a food ingredient in
manufactured breakfast cereals which
may contribute to a healthy lifestyle by improving blood cholesterol levels
and gastrointestinal function.Psyllium
is produced mainly for its mucilage content.
The term mucilage describes
a group of clear, colorless, gelling agents derived from plants. The mucilage obtained from psyllium comes from the seed coat. Mucilage is obtained by mechanical milling (i.e. grinding) of the outer layer of the seed. Mucilage yield amounts to about 25% (by weight) of the total seed yield. Plantago-seed mucilage is often referred to as husk,
or psyllium husk. The milled seed mucilage is a white fibrous material that is hydrophilic,
meaning that its molecular structure causes it to attract and bind to water. Upon absorbing water, the clear, colorless, mucilaginous gel that forms increases in volume by tenfold or more. |
Podophyllum Resin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podophyllum_resin
Podophyllum resin, also known as podophyllum or podophyllin,
is a resin made
from the roots of
the American mandrake. It
is used as a medication to treat genital warts and plantar
warts, including in people with HIV/AIDS.It
is not recommended in HPV infections without
external warts. Application by a healthcare provider to the skin is recommended. Podophyllin resin has been used to treat warts since at least 1820. It is on the World
Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. |
Pomegranate Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate
The pomegranate (Punica
granatum) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub in
the family Lythraceae, subfamily
Punicoideae, that grows between 5 and 10 m (16 and 33 ft) tall
Pomegranate peel contains high amount of polyphenols, condensed tannins, catechins, and prodelphinidins.The higher phenolic content of the peel yields extracts for use in dietary
supplements and food preservatives.
Pomegranate seed oil contains punicic acid (65%), palmitic acid (5%), stearic acid (2%), oleic acid (6%), and linoleic
acid (7%)
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Red Clover Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifolium_pratense
Trifolium pratense, the red
clover, is
a herbaceous species of flowering
plant in the bean family Fabaceae,
native to Europe, Western
Asia, and northwest Africa, but planted and
naturalised in many other regions.
It is widely grown as a fodder crop, valued for its nitrogen fixation, which increases soil fertility. For these reasons, it is used as a green manure crop. Several cultivar groups have been selected for agricultural use, mostly derived from T. pratense var. sativum.
It has become naturalised in many temperate areas, including the Americas and Australasia as an escape from cultivation.
Due to its beauty, it is used as an ornamental plant.
Red clover's flowers and leaves are edible, and can be added as garnishes to any dish. They can be ground into a flour.
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Reserpine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserpine
Reserpine is
a drug that is used for the treatment of high blood pressure, usually in combination with a thiazide diuretic
or vasodilator.
Reserpine irreversibly blocks the H+-coupled vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2. VMAT1 is mostly expressed in neuroendocrine
cells. VMAT2 is mostly expressed in neurons. Thus, it is the blockade of neuronal VMAT2 by reserpine that inhibits uptake and reduces stores of the monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and histamine in
the synaptic vesicles of neurons. VMAT2 normally transports free intracellular norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in the presynaptic nerve terminal into presynaptic vesicles for subsequent release into the synaptic cleft ("exocytosis"). Unprotected neurotransmitters are metabolized by MAO (as well as by COMT),
attached to the outer membrane of the mitochondria in the cytosol of the axon terminals, and consequently never excite the post-synaptic cell. Thus, reserpine increases removal of monoamine neurotransmitters from neurons, decreasing the size of the neurotransmitter pools, and thereby decreasing the amplitude of neurotransmitter release.
It may take the body days to weeks to replenish the depleted VMATs, so reserpine's effects are long-lasting.Reserpine inhibits formation of biofilms by Staphylococcus aureus and
inhibits the metabolic activity of bacteria present in biofilms.
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Saw Palmetto ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenoa
Serenoa repens, commonly known as saw
palmetto, is the sole species
currently classified in the genus Serenoa.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — also called prostate gland enlargement — is a common condition in elderly men, with an enlarged prostate causing lower urinary tract symptoms, such as inhibiting urine flow from the bladder. BPH may be associated with other urinary tract, bladder or kidney
disorders.
Saw palmetto extract has been studied as a possible treatment for people with prostate cancer and for men with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with BPH.
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Sesame Seed Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame
Sesame ( or ; Sesamum
indicum) is a flowering plant in
the genus Sesamum, also called benne.[2] Numerous
wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in
tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods. World production in 2016 was 6.1 million tonnes, with Tanzania, Myanmar, India,
and Sudan as
the largest producers.
A meta-analysis showed that sesame consumption produced small reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Sesame oil studies reported a
reduction of oxidative stress markers and lipid peroxidation.
Sesame seeds contain the lignans sesamolin, sesamin, pinoresinol, and lariciresinol.
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Siberian Ginseng Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleutherococcus_senticosus
Eleutherococcus senticosus is
a species of small, woody shrub in
the family Araliaceae native
to Northeastern Asia.Root extracts of E.
senticosus are sold as a dietary supplement or cosmetic,
usually under the name Siberian ginseng.
Roots of E. senticosus are cylindrical, up to 0.5 centimetres (0.20 in) in diameter, straight or branched, dark brown, and have a smooth surface with bark fixed closely to the xylem. The derived extract from the roots has been characterized for its major constituents, including lignans, sesamin (eleutheroside B4), syringaresinol, phenylpropanes, coumarins, beta-sitosterol and daucosterol.
Berries from E. senticosus contain diverse polyphenols, including caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric
acid, and benzoic acid, with significant content of calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
Major constituents of essential oil from leaves of Eleutherococcus senticosus include α-bisabolol (26%), β-caryophyllene (7%), germacrene D (7%), β-bisabolene (5%),
and α-humulene (4%).
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Spirulina https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)
Spirulina is a biomass of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can be consumed by humans and animals. The three species are Arthrospira platensis, A. fusiformis, and A. maxima.
Cultivated worldwide, Arthrospira is used as a dietary supplement or whole food. It is also used as a feed supplement in the aquaculture, aquarium,
and poultry industries.As an ecologically sound,
nutrient-rich dietary supplement,
spirulina is being investigated to address food security and malnutrition,
and as dietary support in long-term space flight or Mars missions.Its
advantage for food security is that it needs less land and water than livestock to
produce protein and energy.
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Tribulus Terrestris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris
Tribulus terrestris is
an annual plant in
the caltrop family (Zygophyllaceae)
widely distributed around the world. It
is adapted to grow in dry climate locations in which few other plants can survive. It is native to warm temperate and tropical regions in southern Eurasia and Africa.
It has been unintentionally introduced to North America and Australia.
An aggressive and hardy invasive species, T.
terrestris is widely known
as a noxious weed because of its small woody fruit – the bur –
having long sharp and strong spines which easily penetrate surfaces such as the bare feet or thin shoes of crop workers and other pedestrians,
the rubber of bicycle tires, and the mouths and skin of grazing animals.
The phytochemistry of T. terrestris samples collected from various parts of the world differs significantly. Among the steroidal saponins present in this herb, furostanol saponins are isolated only from T. terrestris of Bulgarian origin. One of the main chemical compounds found in T. terrestris is protodioscin.
Two alkaloids that seem to cause limb paresis (staggers) in sheep that eat Tribulus terrestulis are the beta-carboline alkaloids harman (harmane)
and norharman (norharmane). The alkaloid content of dried foliage is about 44 mg/kg.
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Triphala Extract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphala
Triphala ("three
fruits") is an Ayurvedic herbal rasayana formula
consisting of equal parts of three myrobalans, taken without seed: Amalaki (Phyllanthus
emblica), Bibhitaki (Terminalia
bellirica), and Haritaki (Terminalia
chebula). One report indicates it contains vitamin C. |
Yohimbine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine
Yohimbine (), also
known as quebrachine, is an indoloquinolizidine alkaloid derived
from the bark of the African tree Pausinystalia johimbe; also from the bark of the unrelated South American tree Aspidosperma
quebracho-blanco. Yohimbine is an alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist,
and has been used in a variety of research projects. It is a veterinary drug used to reverse sedation in dogs and deer.Yohimbine has high affinity for
the α2-adrenergic
receptor, moderate affinity for the α1 receptor, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2B,
and dopamine D2 receptors,
and weak affinity for the 5-HT1E, 5-HT2A, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7,
and dopamine D3 receptors. It
behaves as an antagonist at α1-adrenergic,
α2-adrenergic, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D,
5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and dopamine D2,
and as a partial agonist at 5-HT1A.[31][33][34][35] Yohimbine
interacts with serotonin and dopamine receptors in high concentrations. |
Nutraceuticals |
Astaxanthin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin is a blood-red pigment and is produced naturally in the freshwater microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis and the yeast fungus Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (also known as Phaffia). When the algae is stressed by lack of nutrients, increased salinity, or excessive sunshine, it creates
astaxanthin. Animals who feed on the algae, such as salmon, red trout, red sea bream, flamingos, and crustaceans (i.e. shrimp, krill, crab, lobster, and crayfish), subsequently reflect the red-orange astaxanthin pigmentation to various degrees.The structure of astaxanthin by synthesis was described in 1975. Astaxanthin is not converted to vitamin A in the human body so it is completely nontoxic if given orally.Astaxanthin can also be used as a dietary supplement intended for human, animal, and aquaculture consumption. Astaxanthin
is used as a dietary supplement and
feed supplement as food colorant for
salmon, crabs, shrimp, chickens and egg production.
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Beta Carotene https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene
β-Carotene is
an organic,
strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant
in fungi,[5] plants,
and fruits. It is a member of the carotenes,
which are terpenoids (isoprenoids),
synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units
and thus having 40 carbons.
Among the carotenes, β-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at
both ends of the molecule.
β-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate.Plant
carotenoids are the primary dietary source of provitamin A worldwide, with β-carotene as the best-known provitamin A
carotenoid. Others include α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin.
Carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of
the small intestine and dependent on class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1)
membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E (α-tocopherol). |
Bromelain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromelain
Bromelain is an enzyme extract derived from the stems of pineapples, although it exists in all parts of the fresh pineapple. The extract has a history of folk medicine use. As an ingredient, it is used in cosmetics,
as a topical medication, and as a meat tenderizer.The term "bromelain" may refer to either of two protease enzymes extracted from the plants of the family Bromeliaceae, or it may refer to a combination of those enzymes along with other compounds produced in an extract. Bromelain enzymes are called fruit bromelain and stem bromelain.though tested in a variety of folk medicine and research models for its possible efficacy against diseases, the only approved clinical application for bromelain was issued in 2012 by the European Medicines Agency for a topical medication called NexoBrid used
to remove dead tissue in severe skin burns.
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Camphor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor
Camphor () is a waxy, flammable, transparent solid with
a strong aroma. It is a terpenoid with the chemical formula C10H16O.
It is found in the wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), a large evergreen tree found in East Asia, also of the unrelated kapur tree (Dryobalanops
sp.), a tall timber tree from South East Asia. It also occurs in some other related trees in the laurel family, notably Ocotea usambarensis. Rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus
officinalis) contain 0.05 to 0.5% camphor, while camphorweed (Heterotheca) contains some 5%. A major source of camphor in Asia is camphor basil (the parent of African blue basil). Camphor can also be synthetically produced from oil of turpentine.The molecule has two possible enantiomers as shown in the structural
diagrams. The structure on the left is the naturally occurring (+)-camphor ((1R,4R)-bornan-2-one), while its mirror image shown on the right is the (−)-camphor ((1S,4S)-bornan-2-one).It is used for its scent, as an ingredient in cooking (mainly in India), as an embalming fluid, for medicinal purposes, and in religious ceremonies.
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Capsaicin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin
Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide)
is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum.
It is a chemical irritant for
mammals, including humans, and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact. Capsaicin and several related compounds are called capsaicinoids and
are produced as secondary metabolitby
chili peppers, probably as deterrents against certain mammals and fungi. Pure
capsaicin is a hydrophobic, colorless, highly pungent,[2] crystalline
to waxy solid compound.The burning and painful sensations associated with capsaicin result from its chemical interaction with sensory neurons. Capsaicin, as a member of the vanilloid family,
binds to a receptor called the vanilloid
receptor subtype 1 (TRPV1). First cloned in 1997, TRPV1 is an ion channel-type receptor. TRPV1, which can also be stimulated with heat, protons and physical abrasion, permits cations to
pass through the cell membrane when activated. The resulting depolarization of
the neuron stimulates it to signal the brain. By binding to the TRPV1 receptor, the capsaicin molecule produces similar sensations to those of excessive heat or abrasive damage, explaining why the spiciness of capsaicin is described as a burning sensation. |
Cassia Occidentalis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_occidentalis
Senna occidentalis is a pantropical plant species.
Vernacular names include ʻauʻaukoʻi in Hawaii, septicweed, coffee senna,coffeeweed, Mogdad coffee, negro-coffee, senna coffee, Stephanie coffee, stinkingweed or styptic weed.The plant is locally called Bana Chakunda in Odisha, India.The species was formerly placed in the genus Cassia.The plant is reported to be poisonous to cattle. The plant contains anthraquinones. The roots contain emodin and the seeds contain chrysarobin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9-anthrone) and N-methylmorpholine.Mogdad coffee seeds can be roasted and used as a substitute for coffee. They have also been used as an adulterant for
coffee. There is apparently no caffeine in mogdad coffee.Despite the claims of being poisonous, the leaves of this plant, Dhiguthiyara in the Maldivian language, have been used in the diet of the Maldives for centuries in dishes such as mas
huni and also as a medicinal plant.z This plant is mainly used for the treatment of bone fractures and bone dislocation as an herbal treatment in India.
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Centella Asiatica https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centella_asiatica
Centella asiatica, commonly known as Indian
pennywort or Asiatic
pennywort, is a herbaceous, perennial
plant in the flowering
plant family Apiaceae. It
is native to the wetlands in Asia. It
is used as a culinary vegetable and
as a medicinal herb.Centella contains
pentacyclic triterpenoids, including asiaticoside, brahmoside, asiuyatic
acid, and brahmic acid (madecassic acid). Other constituents include centellose, centelloside,
and madecassoside.In the context of phytoremediation, C.
asiatica is a potential phytoextraction tool owing to its ability to take up and translocate metals
from root to shoot when grown in soils contaminated by heavy metals. |
Chondroitin Sulphate Sodium https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate
Chondroitin sulfate is
a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG)
composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic
acid). It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan. A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities. Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage and
provides much of its resistance to compression. Along
with glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate has become a widely used dietary
supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis.The
effect of chondroitin sulfate in people with osteoarthritis is likely the result of a number of reactions including its anti-inflammatory activity, the stimulation of the synthesis of proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid, and the decrease in catabolic activity of chondrocytes, inhibiting the synthesis of proteolytic enzymes, nitric oxide, and other substances that contribute to damage the cartilage matrix and cause death of articular chondrocytes. |
Cissus Quadrangularis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissus_quadrangularis
Cissus quadrangularis is
a perennial plant of the grape family.
It is commonly known as veldt grape, devil's
backbone, adamant
creeper, asthisamharaka, hadjod and pirandai. The
species is native to tropical Asia, Arabia and
much of Africa.Cissus quadrangularis has
been used as a medicinal plant since antiquity.[citation
needed] Cissus has
been used in various Ayurvedic classical medicines to heal broken bones and injured ligaments and tendons.C. quadrangularis has
been found to contain carotenoids, triterpenoids,
and ascorbic acid. The
plant also produces the resveratrol dimer quadrangularin A. |
Citrus Aurantium https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_orange
Bitter orange, Seville
orange, sour
orange, bigarade
orange, or marmalade orange is
the citrus tree Citrus × aurantium and
its fruit.
Many varieties of bitter orange are used for their essential oil, and are found in perfume, used as a flavoring or as a solvent, and also for consumption. The Seville orange variety is used in the production of marmalade and
also used to make French bigarade.
Bitter orange is also employed in herbal medicine as a stimulant and appetite suppressant, due to its active ingredient, synephrine.
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Citrus Bioflavonoids https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids) (from the Latin word flavus, meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in diets.
Chemically, flavonoids have the general structure of a 15-carbon skeleton, which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ring (C).
Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants, fulfilling many functions. Flavonoids
are the most important plant pigments for
flower coloration, producing yellow or red/blue pigmentation in petals designed to attract pollinator animals.
In higher plants, flavonoids are involved in UV filtration, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and floral pigmentation. They may also act as chemical messengers, physiological regulators, and cell cycle inhibitors. |
Coenzyme Q1o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10
Coenzyme Q, also known as ubiquinone, is a coenzyme family that is ubiquitous in animals and most bacteria (hence the name ubiquinone). In humans, the most common form is Coenzyme Q10 or ubiquinone-10. CoQ10 is
not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of any medical condition; however, it is sold as a dietary supplement and is an ingredient in some cosmetics.It is a 1,4-benzoquinone | |